The effects of the expansion in the post classical period: the islamic civilization essay

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This had been prefigured by his letter to Emperor Heraclius inviting him to accept submission to God--Islam. At Muhammad's death tribes newly joined to his polity tried to break away, and the subsequent punitive expeditions--Ridda Wars--phased into the dramatic conquests of all of the Sassanian and much of the Byzantine lands.

ByDamascus and Homs were in Muslim Arab hands, and after the resounding defeat of Byzantine forces at the Battle of the YarmukPalestine and the rest of Syria were open to Islam. Jerusalem and Antioch were taken inat which point Islamic armies began both westward and eastward offensives. By the s, Egypt was taken, as was North Africa to Cyrenica, where Berbers resisted fiercely at first, later converting to Islam, allowing the subjugation of Tunisia and Carthage by A further Sassanian defeat at Nahavand in opened up the entire Iranian plateau.

Qazvin and Ray near Tehran were taken in In the next thirty years, Arab Muslim raids would course throughout Byzantine Anatolia, ravaging regions in Cappadocia, as well as Nicaea in western Asia Minor on a regular basis. In Arab armies laid siege to Constantinople for the first time, in aspired-to fulfillment of Prophetic dicta.

Spain had been under Visigoth control since the middle of the fifth century. At first, they were not well received by the local population, being Arian as opposed to the majority's Catholicism.

Within a century, they had accepted Catholicism and received in return clerical cooperation. Still, political technology was limited, and weak or young-perishing kings had not been able to weld together a coherent state.

Also, persecution of the growing Jewish population removed their potential support. Thus, after Arab armies had consolidated their hold on North Africa and begun converting the interior's Berbers to Islam, the Arab-Turkish Muslim Amir commander Tariq, crossed over to Gibraltar Jabal-Tariq, the mountain of Tariqand launched a nine-year conquest of Iberia up to the Pyreneesannihilating the Visigothic state.

Provence and Aquitane were now raided frequently. During the same years, on Islam's northeastern borders, adventurous Amirs conquered Transoxiana, beyond the Oxus River, and the Oxus delta bywhile in the south, Sind, in present-day Pakistan, was taken by Back in the European sphere, only Charles Martel's defeat of Muslim forces in the Battle of Tours near Poitiers incombined with Leo III's defeat of Muslim besiegers at Constantinople inhalted the new religious polity's advances, until ninth century forays into the Mediterranean.

In addition to these advances in the foreign realm were changes in the Islamic polity's--Dar al-Islam--internal make-up. Upon Muhammad's death, immediately a crisis emerged related to who should rule the new political-religious unit. He had gathered around him in fifteen or so years of preaching close colleagues.

Many of them were acquired in Mecca. One of the closest was Ali, a cousin. As well, there were supporters who had come to the banner later, in Medina. While Muhammad was being prepared for burial by Ali, Meccan companions--the muhajirun, those who had migrated with the Prophet to Medina--were entangled in succession debate with Medians--ansar, or those who assisted the muhajirun on their arrival in Medina.

In order to prevent further strife, Umar, a prominent member of Muhammad's own tribe and an early convert, convinced his colleague and kinsman Abu Bakr to become leader of the Muslims. His title was khalifa Eng. Caliphor successor to Muhammad, the Messenger of God.

Whereas the majority of ansar and muhajirun accepted his candidacy, an undercurrent of opposition continued, claiming that Ali was entitled, being close to Muhammad, pious, and perhaps even nominated by the Prophet as his successor. This brought large numbers of non-Muslims under their control.

Those Christians and Jews among them were dubbed people of the book and were allowed to practices their religions freely, though were made to pay a special tax called the jizya.

To this protected category were later added Zoroastrians, a sign of Islamic pragmatism. As well, great numbers of non-Arabs converted to Islam, and were called mawali, or clients of the original Arab conquerors.

Along with continuing sentiment in favor of Ali, dissension began to permeate the Islamic state during the tenure of Caiph Uthman He was a member of the leading branch of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca, the branch that had actively opposed Muhammad's mission prior to He reasserted the tribal aristocratic prerogatives, appointing family-members to nearly every possible position, among them Muawiya as governor of Syria.The “Post-Classical Period,” was a time of change, expansion, and vast cultural diffusion.

The Islamic civilization is a group that emerged from the Semitic groups of southwestern Asia, and moved to the Arabian peninsula in tribes, known as the Bedouin tribes, due to lack of water and food.

The Effects of the Expansion in the Post Classical Period: the Islamic Civilization Words | 7 Pages the Post-Classical Period: The Islamic Civilization The “Post-Classical Period,” was a time of change, expansion, and vast cultural diffusion. The Effects of the Expansion in the Post Classical Period: the Islamic Civilization Essay of the Expansion in the Post-Classical Period: The Islamic Civilization The “Post-Classical Period,” was a time of change, expansion, and vast cultural diffusion.

Free islamic civilization papers, essays, and research papers. The Effects of the Crusades on the Civilization of Europe.

But from this period of chaos, post-classical civilizations were able to emerge in both Europe and the Middle East. Two of these post-classical civilizations were Byzantium and the Islamic Kingdom. The trading industry has a major effect on the economy and allows the spread of one’s culture.

But from this period of chaos, post-classical civilizations were able to emerge in both Europe and the Middle East. Two of these post-classical civilizations were Byzantium and the Islamic Kingdom.

Islamic Civilization Essay - Islamic. Modified AP World History Essay Questions 4 Continuity and Change-Over-Time Essay Question Revised Question Analyze continuities and changes in patterns of interactions along the Silk Roads from B.C.E.

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